This appeal presents an issue of first impression in this circuit: whether 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1513(a)(1), prohibiting retaliation against witnesses, applies in civil as well as criminal cases. We answer this question in the affirmative.

While in state prison, Jackie McLeod filed an action, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983, alleging that Houston County Deputy Sheriff Joe Watson and others had violated his civil rights. Watson testified at the ensuing trial. At the conclusion of the presentation of the evidence, the district judge granted a directed verdict in favor of Watson and the other defendants. Following the verdict, McLeod told Watson that as soon as he was released from prison, he was going to kill him. Watson reported this threat to the district judge and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. McLeod was charged with retaliating against a witness in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1513(a)(1).

McLeod moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that Sec. 1513(a)(1) applied only to retaliation against witnesses in criminal proceedings. The district court denied the motion and a jury found McLeod guilty. Following the verdict, McLeod's appointed counsel, Terry G. Davis, moved for a new trial. McLeod filed a pro se motion to dismiss Davis as his counsel, for appointment of new counsel, and for a new trial. The district judge granted McLeod's motion to dismiss Davis as counsel and appointed James E. Bridges III to represent McLeod.

Bridges submitted briefs on the motion for a new trial, the basis of which was ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Bridges then moved to withdraw as counsel. The district court held a hearing on Bridges's motion to withdraw. Bridges testified that McLeod was abusive toward him, had repeatedly threatened to sue him, and had asked him to engage in conduct that Bridges considered to be unethical. McLeod was given the opportunity to testify at the hearing, but he refused to take an oath.

The court granted Bridges's motion to withdraw and declined to appoint new counsel, stating that McLeod's "treatment of this lawyer ... constitutes a waiver of [his] right to have counsel represent him at [the] hearing" on the motion for a new trial. The court noted that all the papers, including extensive briefs, already had been filed. Further, a legal assistant from Bridges's office remained in the courtroom to assist McLeod in finding documents. McLeod represented himself at the hearing, and the district court denied the motion for a new trial.

McLeod raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether retaliation against a witness in a federal civil case falls within the ambit of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1513(a)(1); (2) whether the absence of counsel at the hearing on his motion for a new trial violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel; and (3) whether the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion to excuse a juror for cause.

II. Retaliation Against a Witness in a Civil Action

We review a district court's interpretation of a statute de novo. See Barnett Bank of Marion County, N.A. v. Gallagher, 43 F.3d 631, 633 (11th Cir.1995). 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1513(a)(1)1 provides that:

Whoever knowingly engages in any conduct and thereby causes bodily injury to another person or damages the tangible property of another person, or threatens to do so, with intent to retaliate against any person for--

(1) the attendance of a witness or party at an official proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, document or other object produced by a witness in an official proceeding;

is subject to the punishments set forth in the statute.

The question therefore is whether a federal civil trial is an "official proceeding" for the purpose of Sec. 1513(a)(1). We need not guess at the meaning of "official proceeding," because Congress has provided a definition. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1515 states:

(a) As used in section[ ] ... 1513 of this title and in this section--

(1) the term "official proceeding" means--

(A) a proceeding before a judge or court of the United States, a United States magistrate, a bankruptcy judge, a judge of the United States Tax Court, a judge of the United States Claims Court, or a Federal grand jury;

. . . . .

When interpreting a statute, we "must assume that Congress used the words of the statute as they are commonly and ordinarily understood and must construe the statute so each of its provisions is given full effect." United States v. McLymont, 45 F.3d 400, 401 (11th Cir.1995). Thus, the "plain meaning of the statute controls unless the language is ambiguous or leads to absurd results." Id. The language of Sec. 1515 is not ambiguous; it applies to "a proceeding before a judge or court." There is no language to suggest that a "proceeding" is limited to a criminal action. Further, punishing retaliation against witnesses in civil cases will not lead to absurd results. We thus must assume that Congress intended "official proceedings" to include both federal civil and criminal actions.2

We therefore hold that Sec. 1513 prohibits retaliation against witnesses in federal civil cases. See United States v. Markiewicz, 978 F.2d 786, 796 (2d Cir.1992) (affirming convictions for violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1513(a)(1) in connection with assault of witness who testified in civil suit), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 1065, 122 L. Ed. 2d 369 (1993).

McLeod also contends that he unconstitutionally was denied his right to counsel at the hearing on his motion for a new trial. We need not decide whether McLeod had such a right to counsel,3 because we conclude that he forfeited any right that he may have had by virtue of his pervasive misconduct.4

The "appointment of counsel for an indigent is required at every stage of a criminal proceeding where substantial rights of a criminal accused may be affected." Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128, 134, 88 S. Ct. 254, 257, 19 L. Ed. 2d 336 (1967). Nonetheless, "[t]he right to assistance of counsel, cherished and fundamental though it may be, may not be put to service as a means of delaying or trifling with the court." United States v. Fowler, 605 F.2d 181, 183 (5th Cir.1979),5 cert. denied, 445 U.S. 950, 100 S. Ct. 1599, 63 L. Ed. 2d 785 (1980).

Courts thus have recognized that a criminal defendant may forfeit6 constitutional rights by virtue of his or her actions. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel, for example, may be forfeited by a defendant's failure to retain counsel within a reasonable time, even if this forfeiture causes the defendant to proceed pro se. See Fowler, 605 F.2d at 183. Additionally, a defendant who misbehaves in the courtroom may forfeit his constitutional right to be present at trial. See, e.g., Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1970); Foster v. Wainwright, 686 F.2d 1382, 1388-89 (11th Cir.1982),7 cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1213, 103 S. Ct. 1209, 75 L. Ed. 2d 449 (1983). A defendant who causes a witness to be unavailable for trial forfeits his right to confrontation. See United States v. Thevis, 665 F.2d 616, 630 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982),8 cert. denied, 459 U.S. 825, 103 S. Ct. 57, 74 L. Ed. 2d 61 (1982). A defendant who escapes from custody during his trial waives his Sixth Amendment rights to be present and to confront witnesses during the trial. See Golden v. Newsome, 755 F.2d 1478, 1481 (11th Cir.1985).

By analogy, we conclude that under certain circumstances, a defendant who is abusive toward his attorney may forfeit his right to counsel. We now must determine whether McLeod forfeited his right to have an attorney present at the hearing on his motion for a new trial.

Bridges was McLeod's second attorney, as McLeod had dismissed his first attorney, Davis.9 At the hearing held on Bridges's motion to withdraw, Bridges testified that he and McLeod had a telephone conversation during which McLeod was verbally abusive and threatened to harm him.10 He further testified that McLeod had threatened, on at least four occasions, to sue him, and had attempted to persuade him to engage in unethical conduct in connection with the case.11

McLeod's behavior toward his counsel was repeatedly abusive, threatening, and coercive. Although we are troubled by the fact that McLeod was not warned that his misbehavior might lead to pro se representation, the court gave McLeod the opportunity to testify at the hearing held on Bridges's motion to withdraw. McLeod, however, refused to take an oath, and the judge accordingly did not allow him to testify.12

Following McLeod's refusal to take an oath, the judge granted Bridges's motion to withdraw. The judge again asked McLeod whether he objected to Bridges's withdrawal. At this point, McLeod asked that another attorney be appointed to represent him.

We are mindful of McLeod's request for a third attorney. In light of McLeod's behavior, however, we cannot say that the district judge erred by concluding that McLeod had forfeited this right to counsel.13

McLeod finally argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to excuse a juror for cause. During voir dire, juror Judy Mull stated that she had known the family of the victim, Joe Watson, for fifteen years, but that Watson was merely "an acquaintance" whom she had not seen in five years. In response to questioning, Mull repeatedly and unequivocally averred that she "could be fair to both parties," and "could make a fair decision based [on] the evidence [she] hear[d]."

We review the district court's denial of McLeod's motion to excuse Mull for " 'manifest abuse of discretion.' " United States v. Simmons, 961 F.2d 183, 184 (11th Cir.1992) (quoting United States v. Muller, 698 F.2d 442, 444 (11th Cir.1983)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 1591, 123 L. Ed. 2d 156 (1993). Because the record amply supports the conclusion that Mull could "lay aside [her] opinion and render a verdict based on the evidence presented in court," Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1037 n. 12, 104 S. Ct. 2885, 2891 n. 12, 81 L. Ed. 2d 847 (1984), we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion.

In sum, we hold that Sec. 1513(a)(1) applies to retaliation against witnesses in federal civil cases. We also hold that McLeod forfeited any right that he may have had to have counsel represent him at the hearing on his motion for a new trial. We further conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to excuse a juror for cause. Accordingly, we AFFIRM McLeod's conviction.